Name : Pramagusti
Tsabit Sabili
Class : 3EB10
NPM : 25216774
A.
Structure
and
Written Expresion
The
Paper Based TOEFL has three sections: listening comprehension (50 questions),
structure & written expression (40 questions), Reading Comprehension (50
questions). The PBT is the linear test, the total score is based on a scale of
310-677. In this research, researcher focus on Structure and
Written Expression.
Structure is a part of language and
an important element in English. Every language has its structure. There is no
language without structure. Structure is needed in mastering English. It is the
main capital in studying English. It is one of language components beside
pronunciation, spelling and vocabulary.
Structure is very important. Without structure,
meaning nuances can lose or cannot be submitted. It is difficult to create a
text, and learning structure is very important for language learners. It makes
students know how to
produce good sentences and to express ideas and feelings. Grammar is important and learners seem to focus best on grammar
when it relates to their communicative needs and experiences.[1]
Grammar is a main component of any language
in the world. Without grammar, you can't understand, for example, the time of
action whether it happened in the past or in the present. We can say that
grammar is abstract in the mind and it becomes concrete in the use. Teaching
grammar is serious and has a lot of challenges that teachers face.
Written Expression consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or
groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or
group of words that is not correct
B.
Strategies
in Structure of TOEFL Test
Table 1
Strategies in Answering
Structure section of TOEFL Test
|
No
|
Strategies
|
Indicators
|
|
1
|
Be sure the
sentence has a subject and a verb
|
A sentence
English must have at least one subject and one verb
|
|
2
|
Be careful
of objects of prepositions
|
A preposition
is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or naun clause that is called an
object of the prepositio. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not
the subject
|
|
3
|
Be careful
of Appositives
|
An
appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally
setoff from the noun with commas
|
|
4
|
Be careful
of Present Paticiples
|
A present
participle is the –ing form of the verb
|
|
5
|
Be careful
of Past participles
|
A past
participle often ends –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles
|
|
6
|
Use
coordinate connectors correctly
|
Coordinate
connectors are and, but, or, so, yet
|
|
7
|
Use adverb
time and cause connectors correctly
|
Sentences
with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Adverb time(after,
before, as long as,until,since,once, when and etc) and cause (as, because,
now that)
|
|
8
|
Use other
adverb connectors correctly
|
Adverb
clauses can express the ideas of time and cause. Other adverb connectors like
Condition (if, in case, unless and etc), Contrast (although, while, even
though, whereas), Manner ( as, in that), and Place (where,whereever)
|
|
9
|
Use noun
clauses connectors correctly
|
A noun
clause is a clause that functions as a noun. Noun clause connectors
(what,when,where,why,how, wahtever,whenever, whether,if, that)
|
|
10
|
Use noun
clauses connectors/subjects correctly
|
Some cases a
noun clause connectors can also be the subject of the clause at the same
time.(who,whoever, what,whatever, which,whichever)
|
|
11
|
Use
adjective clauses connectors correctly
|
An adjective
clause is clause that describes a noun. (whom, which,that)
|
|
12
|
Use
adjective clauses connectors/subjects correctly
|
Some cases
adjective clause connectors can also be the subject of the clause at the same
time. (who, which,that)
|
|
13
|
Use reduced
adjective clause connectors correctly
|
Adjective
clauses can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, adjective and
be-verb that directly follow it are omitted
|
|
14
|
Use reduced
adverb clause connectors correctly
|
Adverb
clauses can also appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form,the adverb
connector remains, but the subject and be-verb are omitted
|
|
15
|
Invert the
subject and verb with the question
|
There is
some confusion about when ti invert the subject and cerb after question
word(what,where,when,why and how)
|
|
16
|
Invert the
subject and verb with place expressions
|
After ideas
expressing place, the subject and verb sometimes invert in English (here,
there , nowhere)
|
|
17
|
Invert the
subject and verb with negatives
|
The subject
and verb can also be inverted after certain negatives and related
expressions. (no, not or never )
|
|
18
|
Invert the
subject and verb with conditionals
|
In certain
conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted (had,
should or were and conditional if is omitted)
|
|
19
|
Invert the
subject and verb with comparisons
|
An inverted
subject and verb may also occur after a comparison. The following structures
are both possible.
|
C.
The material is often tested on the TOEFL Structure Test
1. Main Verb
What you need to know in this section is related to
the suitability of the subject and verb (term: subject-verb agreement). All
sentences in English must have a verb and subject. If the subject is singular,
the verb must be singular; if the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.
Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
Every
human typically have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in most cells.
A B C D
A B C D
Question analysis:
The answer you have to choose B. Have answers
should has. Subjects are singular in every human sentence requiring singular
verbs. Because haves is a plural form verb, haves must be replaced as has
(singular from have).
2. Infinitive
There are several verbs that require (to) infinitive
when coupled with other verbs: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, care,
claim, consent, decide, demand, expect, fail, hesitate, learn, hope, manage ,
mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, struggle,
swear, threaten, volunteer, wait, want, wish. Examples of questions in the
TOEFL test:
After being indicated for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.
A B C D
A B C D
Question analysis:
The answer you have to choose a D. answer should be to find. Decided + to
infinitive
3. Gerund (Verb –ing)
As in the previous point, there are several verbs
that need gerund (-ing form) if coupled with other verbs: admit, anticipate,
appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy,
finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recollect,
recommend, recent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, suggest, tolerate,
understand. Sample questions in the TOEFL test:
Rita enjoyed to
be able to meet several members of Congress during her
vacation.
A B C D
A B C D
Question analysis:
Answer that you must select an answer A. To be supposedly being.
Enjoyed + gerund.
4. Conditionals
In grammar books we can find three forms of conditional sentence. Please
study well regarding this topic as well as the type 3 inversion.
simple present -----> simple present
simple present -----> will + simple form
Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
If the result of this research is meaningful, the
project has continued.
.
A B
C D
The answer you have to choose answer D, Has continued seharusnya will
continue.
simple present -----> will + simple form
5. Used to
Used to + V I
Be + used to + verb ing/noun
I used to sleep on a mat
I'm used to sleeping on a mat
Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
Bess is used to fly after having
crossed the continent many times during the past
decade.
A B C D
A B C D
The answer you have to choose answer A, To fly seharusnya to
flying.
Be + used to + verb
-ing
6. Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verb is an additional verb that is used
together with main verb to add meaning. Be, have, do, and capital are auxiliary
verbs. The TOEFL exam often contains questions about this auxiliary verb.
Example in sentence:
1. BE + -ing
The farmers are cultivating a new plant variety to gain
their harvest.
2. HAVE + participle
The farmers have cultivated a new plant variety to gain
their harvest.
3. MODAL + verb word.
The farmers should cultivate a new plant variety to gain
their harvest.
Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
The game is interesting, but all
the participants struggling.
A B
C
D
Answer that you must select an answer D. Participants struggling seharunsya
of participants are struggling.
BE Subject + Verb -ing.
In the auxiliary verb you should pay attention to:
- always use BE for -ing verb
- seallu used to HAVE to participle, and
- Always use the capital to verb
so the question over the use of the -ing verb (struggling) without prior BE
is not justified.
Formula for passive auxiliary verb:
S + BE + participle
1. A new plant variety is
cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
2. A new plant variety has
been cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
3. A new plant variety should
be cultivated by the farmers to gain their harvest.
7. Comparison
3 forms that you must master in this comparison
topic: comparative, superlative, and irregular forms (not following comparative
and superlative rules).
Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
Until recently,
California was largest producer of oranges in
the U.S.
A
B
C D
Answer that you must select an answer B, Largest is a superlative form that
requires the word. Largest should be the largest
8. Preposition
The position of the prepositional phrase can be
between subject and verb. This makes the test participants sometimes mistaken
in identifying which subject is the sentence. Sample questions in the TOEFL
test:
Five miles beyond the hills were a
fire with its flames reaching up the sky.
A
B
C D
Question analysis:
The answer you have to choose is B because the were
above are not justified.
Subject sentence is five miles. Five miles is
included in expression of quantity which requires a single verb. By him were
supposedly was.
Beyond the hills is a prepositional phrase.
Although hills are the plural form that corresponds to the word was, the hills
above enter into the prepositional phrase, so that hills are not subject to the
sentence
9. Correlative
Conjunction
What you should know in this section is about using
the parallel structure of words both ... and, as well as, not only ... but
also, and neither & either. Examples of questions in the TOEFL test:
Benny Goodman was equally talented as
both a jazz performer as well as a classical
musician.
A
B C
D
Anaslisa question:
The answer you have to choose C.
Note both words. Both must be paired with and. So
as well as it should be and.
10. Negative Emphasis
Negative emphasis is used to answer "how often?" and used at
the beginning of a statement that indicates an emphasis.Examples of negative
words of emphasis are not one, not until, never, never again, very seldom, and
only rarely
Never in the history of
humanity there have been more people living on
this relatively small planet.
A
B
C
C
Analisa soal:
The answer you have to
choose B. There have seharusnya have
there
D. Sample
Problem To Structure
Choose the correct
answer
1. I hope you don't
mind _______ sitting here.
A. my
B. I had been
C. to be
D. that I may
2. On no account
_______ call her at the office.
A. you
B. should you
C. that you may
D. to
3. Things would go
a lot more smoothly if you _______ keep interrupting.
A. _________
B. do
C. didn't
D. will
4. We'll get you a
car once you _______ your driving test.
A. are passing
B. are having
passed
C. have passed
D. might pass
5. She _______
forever practising on that out-of-tune trumpet.
A. is
B. was being
C. has been
D. will have
6. Please tell me
when to stop _______.
A. downpour
B. to have poured
C. pouring
D. pour
7. I regret to
inform you that your application _______ unsuccessful on this occasion.
A. has been
B. to be
C. should have been
D. is being
8. The number of
girls in school and women in parliaments has risen, and their overall access to
contraception has improved in the past decade, _____ new report.
A. published in a
B. according a
C. according to a
D. as stated in a
9. The 2000 Census
showed that married couples _____ half of the 2 million households in the
state, and 46 percent of those couples had children living with them.
A. which they made
up
B. and made up
C. to make up
D. made up
10. By far the most
noticeable blemishes on the surface of the Sun _____ sunspots.
A. are
B. the
C. that are
D. in the
E. Sample
Problem To Error Analysis
1. Even though he
was exhausted, John wrote to his parents a letter explaining the
situation.
A
B C
D
Discussion:
Answer: B
Should: Wrote his parents a letter
2. The Tyrrels had such
warm welcome from their family that they were overwhelmed and
A B
could not speak for a few minutes.
C D
A B
could not speak for a few minutes.
C D
Discussion:
Answer: A
Should: Such a warm welcome
3. The article suggests that when a person is under unusual
stress you should
A B
be especially careful to eat a well- balanced diet.
C D
A B
be especially careful to eat a well- balanced diet.
C D
Discussion:
Answer: B
Should: he or she should be
4. Economics,
with their widespread
range of practical application,
A B
is of great interest to government leaders throughout the world.
C D
A B
is of great interest to government leaders throughout the world.
C D
Discussion:
Answer: B
Should: with its widespread
5. Kathy was definitely a faster swimmer than anyone on her on her
team
A B C
and appeared headed for the state championship.
D
A B C
and appeared headed for the state championship.
D
Discussion:
Answer: C
Should: anyone else
6. The stage production that we saw in New
York was very much as the
one
A B C
we had previously seen in London
D
A B C
we had previously seen in London
D
Discussion:
Answer: C
Should: much like the one
7. Did you hear many news about the political situation while you were in that country?
A B C D
A B C D
Discussion:
Answer: A
Should: much news
8. Both John,
Bob and Tom are outstanding golfers
and reasonably good tennis players.
A B C D
A B C D
Discussion:
Answer: A
Should: John, Bob, and Tom
9. His speech was a careful worded attempt to evade his
responsibility in the
matter.
A B C D
A B C D
Discussion:
Answer: A
Should: carefully worded
10. The children were surprised when the teacher had them to close their books unexpectedly.
A B C D
A B C D
Discussion:
Answer: C
Should: had them close
REFERENCES
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